Fathers-to-be, take note! Smoking may increase the baby's risk of developing congenital heart defects―the leading cause of stillbirth, a study has found.
Congenital heart affect eight in 1,000 babies born worldwide. Prognosis and quality of life continues to improve with innovative surgeries, but the effects are still lifelong.
The findings, published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, suggest that fathers-to-be should quit smoking.
“Fathers are a large source of second hand smoke for pregnant women, which appears to be even more harmful to unborn children than women smoking themselves,” said Jiabi Qin, from Central South University in China.
“Smoking is teratogenic, meaning it can cause developmental malformations. The association between prospective parents smoking and the risk of congenital heart defects has attracted more and more attention with the increasing number of smokers of childbearing age,” said Qin.
According to researchers, this was the first meta-analysis to examine the relationships between paternal smoking and maternal passive smoking and risk of congenital heart defects in offspring.
Previous analyses have focused on women smokers.
“In fact, smoking in fathers-to-be and exposure to passive smoking in pregnant women are more common than smoking in pregnant women,” Qin said.
The researchers compiled the best available evidence up to June 2018. This amounted to 125 studies involving 1,37,574 babies with congenital heart defects and 8.8 million prospective parents.
All types of parental smoking were associated with the risk of congenital heart defects, with an increase of 74 per cent for men smoking, 124 per cent for passive smoking in women, and 25 per cent for women smoking, compared to no smoking exposure.
This was also the first review to examine smoking at different stages of pregnancy and risk of congenital heart defects.
Women's exposure to secondhand smoke was risky for their offspring during all stages of pregnancy and even prior to becoming pregnant. Women who smoked during pregnancy had a raised likelihood of bearing a child with a congenital heart defect, but smoking before pregnancy did not affect risk.
“Women should stop smoking before trying to become pregnant to ensure they are smokefree when they conceive,” said Qin.
“Staying away from people who are smoking is also important. Employers can help by ensuring that workplaces are smoke-free,” he said.
“Doctors and primary healthcare professionals need to do more to publicise and educate prospective parents about the potential hazards of smoking for their unborn child,” said Qin.
Regarding specific types of congenital heart defects, the analysis showed that maternal smoking was significantly associated with a 27 per cent greater risk of atrial septal defect and a 43 per cent greater risk of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction compared to no smoking.
The overall risk of congenital heart defects with all types of parental smoking was greater when the analysis was restricted to Asian populations.
