The just-concluded annual Muslim pilgrimage, Hajj, has long been a symbol of communal unity, drawing over a million believers to the shared sacred cities of Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia. Managing this immense and organic convergence of people has historically presented monumental logistical, public health, and security challenges. In this context, the recently concluded 1447 AH (Gregorian: 2026) pilgrimage season marked the culmination of a technological shift. The movements of more than 1.7 million pilgrims were integrated into a sophisticated digital infrastructure that utilised real-time Artificial Intelligence (AI) crowd-control algorithms, automated health-screening networks, and mandatory smart-tracking applications. As such, this event needs to be seen beyond simple metrics of administrative efficiency.
The scale of this technological integration offers an alternative view of the critical “biopolitics” framework, which explains how modern states regulate and control human populations by managing life itself. This is because, through certain seemingly contested mechanisms, modern institutions not only regulate and optimise but also protect populations by systematically managing physical bodies.
For instance, through the datafication of pilgrims’ bodies, the state also seeks comprehensive risk mitigation. Whether it is monitoring body temperatures or analysing movement vectors to prevent fatal crowd bottlenecks, the state effectively operationalises biopolitical governance to ensure human safety in an environment characterised by extreme density. In this way, a believer is integrated into a larger algorithmic network in which personal safety is maintained through continuous, systemic visibility, thereby demonstrating how modern administrative states can align advanced surveillance technologies with the humanitarian imperatives of public health and disaster prevention.
This systematic organisation of populations takes on a spatial dimension within the pilgrimage. In his important work The Production of Space, the sociologist Henri Lefebvre posits that space is not just a passive physical void. It is a social product actively produced, ordered, and conceived by administrative powers to serve a specific function within a system. In the past, the Hajj had organic, spontaneous spatial dynamics, in which millions from different social categories moved with little structure. At present, the state creates a highly recommended “sacred” space that is fully coordinated and optimised.
This is made possible by advanced digital zoning. This spatial engineering was especially evident this season through the implementation of fixed, algorithmic scheduling and digital permit platforms. Instead of being a mass of moving pilgrims, the pilgrims were divided into fixed, programmed groups. They moved along specific corridors at specific intervals. Digital visa limits and automated checkpoints also controlled access to the holy sites, smoothing peak congestion that had historically caused logistical stress.
Similarly, the development of digital protocols reshapes the institutional frameworks governing pilgrimage. The “state of exception” is evident in this transition, in which once-specialised administrative measures introduced for public health or security reasons become internalised as a permanentnormative shift. New forms of digital checks, online monitoring, and platform-based approvals were being standardised after being introduced as temporary emergency measures in the aftermath of external events, such as COVID-19 or past responses to stampedes.
As a result, the character of institutional mediation at the sacred site has changed. In the past, the personal pilgrimage experience was guided by local guides (mutawifs), family networks, and decentralised clerical traditions. Today, the ritual is mediated primarily through the state’s digital platforms and algorithmic criteria. The state secures a centralised, rationalised form of sovereign power by controlling the digital infrastructure that determines access, timing, and movement. This digital mediation guarantees complete operational homogeneity throughout the season; the state apparatus is thus positioned not simply as the physical protector of the holy sites, but rather as the key logistical operator of the contemporary devotional mode.
This digital organisation automatically standardises the ritual's spatial and communal rhythms. Moreover, it provides a framework for risk mitigation and ensures the preservation of life amid unprecedented densities on earth. The digitalisation of the sacred space does not detract from the pilgrimage’s spiritual value but rather redefines its structure. The modern administrative state enshrines a new religious custodian who values the preservation of sacred geography, calibrated through algorithmic data management of human data points.
Mohammed Shoaib Raza is a doctoral candidate at the Centre for West Asian Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.
