4-month-old dies of malnutrition in Madhya Pradesh: Why cow and goat milk are unsafe substitutes

Malnutrition deaths still happening in India? Recently, a four-month-old infant died of severe malnutrition in Madhya Pradesh's Satna while her twin brother continues to battle for life. 

The twins were born on December 21, 2025, at Majhgawan Community Health Centre. During the time of birth itself, their weight was low: 2.0 kg and 1.90 kg. Ideally, their weight should have increased between 4 and 5 kgs at four months. They weighed just 2.93 kg and 2.86 kg, respectively, at the time of admission, belonging to the Severe Acute Malnutrition category. 

It was discovered that the mother's weakened physical state made breastfeeding impossible during the critical first six months. Forced to find alternatives, the family turned to cow and goat milk as primary substitutes for essential maternal nutrition. 

In the last six months, three infant deaths in the district have exposed the fragile state of the healthcare system. 

Why is cow's milk not a safe alternative to breast milk? 

Doctors advise exclusive breastfeeding for babies during the initial six months. Cow and goat milk should not be given as a substitute for infants under 12 months, as they are difficult to digest, lack essential nutrients like iron and vitamin E, and contain excessive protein and minerals that can strain developing kidneys, potentially leading to dehydration, anaemia, and intestinal damage. 

Potential risks of giving animal milk to babies under 12 months

*Kidney stress: High concentrations of protein, sodium, and potassium could put stress on immature kidneys. It could also lead to metabolic acidosis and electrolyte imbalances. 

*Nutritional deficiencies: Lack of sufficient iron, vitamin C, and essential fatty acids necessary for development could lead to iron deficiency anaemia. 

* Digestion issues: Cow and goat milk are difficult for infants to digest, often causing gut bleeding and constipation. 

*Allergic reactions: Proteins in animal milk can cause significant allergic reactions. 

*No immunity boost: Unlike breast milk, these animal milks do not provide essential antibodies to fight infections. 

Experts advise that if breastfeeding is not possible, iron-fortified infant formula is the only safe alternative because it is specially formulated to have the correct balance of nutrients, fats, and proteins. 

According to the Cleveland Clinic Health Essentials, fresh, undiluted goat milk is unsafe and can be life-threatening to infants under one year, potentially causing folate deficiency and dangerous electrolyte imbalances. 

The World Health Organisation also confirms that animal milk in the first year increases the risk of anaemia compared to formula.