The bill which criminalises instant divorce by Muslim men and seeks jail term for the guilty was passed in the Lok Sabha on Thursday.
The ruling BJP had issued a whip to its MPs, asking them to ensure their presence in the House.
The bill was the first draft legislation tabled by the Narendra Modi government in this first session after it took oath of office for a second term in May.
Several opposition parties have bitterly opposed it but the government has asserted that the bill is a step towards gender equality and justice.
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