Parkinson’s disease is often perceived as a condition that primarily affects older men, but the reality is more nuanced. While men are diagnosed with Parkinson’s more frequently than women, research increasingly suggests that the disease can manifest differently across genders. These differences may influence the symptoms patients experience, how early they are diagnosed, and the way they respond to treatment.
Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder primarily associated with the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. The most commonly recognised symptoms include tremors, stiffness, slowness of movement and problems with balance.
However, Parkinson’s is much more than a movement disorder. Non-motor symptoms such as sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety, fatigue, constipation and cognitive changes can significantly affect quality of life and their prevalence and intensity may vary between men and women.
While Parkinson’s disease affects both men and women in broadly similar ways, some studies have reported subtle differences in the pattern of symptoms. Women may be slightly more likely to experience a tremor-dominant presentation and are at a somewhat higher risk of developing levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Men, on the other hand, may have greater rigidity or gait-related difficulties.
However, these differences are modest, with significant overlap between individuals, and gender alone does not determine how Parkinson’s disease will present itself or progress. Factors such as age at onset, genetics, disease duration and overall health often play a much larger role.
Non-motor symptoms also show important gender-related differences. Women with Parkinson’s may be more likely to experience depression, anxiety, fatigue, restless legs syndrome and pain. Men, on the other hand, may experience certain autonomic symptoms and sleep-related problems more frequently. Sexual dysfunction can affect both genders but may be under-recognised and can have different physical and psychological implications for men and women.
Hormonal changes may also play a role in the experience of Parkinson’s among women. The decline in oestrogen levels during menopause has been studied for its potential relationship with Parkinson’s risk and symptom progression. Some women also report changes in symptoms around their menstrual cycle, suggesting that hormonal fluctuations may influence the neurological pathways involved in the disease. However, more research is needed to fully understand these associations.
Another concern is that Parkinson’s in women may sometimes be diagnosed later or overlooked because symptoms can be attributed to ageing, stress, menopause or other health conditions. This highlights the importance of recognising both motor and non-motor symptoms and seeking timely neurological evaluation.
Ultimately, Parkinson’s disease does not affect every individual in the same way, and gender is only one factor among many—including age at onset, genetics, lifestyle and overall health. Understanding the differences between men and women can help doctors adopt a more personalised approach to diagnosis, treatment and long-term care.
As research continues to evolve, a gender-sensitive approach to Parkinson’s care can help ensure that both men and women receive timely diagnosis, appropriate treatment and support tailored to their individual needs. Greater awareness among patients, caregivers and healthcare professionals is an important step towards improving outcomes and quality of life for everyone living with Parkinson’s disease.
(The author is a senior consultant neurologist & clinical lead – Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Fortis Hospital, Noida)
The opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of THE WEEK.
