A newly described form of stress triggers in cells a response that leads to a longer life, according to a study that opens up the possibility of new ways to intervene in human ageing and promote longevity.
Researchers at Baylor College of Medicine and the Houston Methodist Research Institute in the US found that moderate chromatin stress levels set off a stress response in yeast, the tiny laboratory worm C elegans, the fruit fly and mouse embryonic stem cells.
In yeast and C elegans, the researchers found that the response promotes longevity.
The findings, published in the journal Science Advances, suggest that chromatin stress response and the longevity it mediates may be conserved in other organisms.
"Chromatin stress refers to disruptions in the way DNA is packed within the nucleus of the cell," said Weiwei Dang, an assistant professor at Baylor.
"One of the factors that influences chromatin structure is proteins called histones," Dang said.
In the nucleus of cells, DNA wraps itself around histone proteins forming a 'beads-on-a-string' structure called chromatin.
Other proteins bind along chromatin and the structure folds further into more complicated configurations.
Everything involving DNA would have to deal with this chromatin structure, Dang said.
For example, when a particular gene is expressed, certain enzymes interact with the chromatin structure to negotiate access to the gene and translate it into proteins.
When chromatin stress happens, disruption of the chromatin structure can lead to unwanted changes in gene expression, such as expression of genes when they are not supposed to or lack of gene expression when it should occur.
Dang and his colleagues worked in the lab with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to investigate how the dosage of histone genes would affect longevity.
They expected that yeast genetically engineered to carry fewer copies of certain histone genes than normal or control yeast would have chromatin changes that would result in the yeast living less than controls.
"Unexpectedly, we found that yeast with fewer copies of histone genes lived longer than the controls," said Ruofan Yu, a research assistant in the Dang lab.
Yeast with a moderately low dose of histone genes showed a moderate reduction of histone gene expression and significant chromatin stress.
Their response to chromatin disruption was changes in the activation of a number of genes that eventually promoted longevity.
In previous work Dang and colleagues had shown that in ageing cells chromatin structure progressively falls apart.
Histone alterations, such as a decrease in their protein levels, are a characteristic of the ageing process, but the researchers showed that if they compensated for this age-related decrease in histone levels by overexpressing certain histone genes they extended the lifespan of ageing yeast cells.
In the new study, they discovered that moderately reducing the number of copies of histone genes in young yeast also promoted longevity.
"We have identified a previously unrecognised and unexpected form of stress that triggers a response that benefits the organism," Yu said.
"The mechanism underlying the chromatin stress response generated by moderate reduction of histone dosage is different from the one triggered by histone over-expression we had previously described, as shown by their different profiles of protein expression responses," he said.
Dang, Yu and their colleagues found that chromatin stress also occurs in other organisms such as the laboratory worm C elegans, the fruit fly and mouse embryonic stem cells, and in yeast and C elegans the chromatin stress response promotes longevity.
"Our findings suggest that the chromatin stress response may also be present in other organisms. If present in humans, it would offer new possibilities to intervene in the ageing process," Dang said.
