Football's richest and most watched league challenged its defending champion on Monday with more than 100 charges of alleged financial wrongdoing and failures to cooperate with an investigation that took more than four years.
Dozens of charges allege breaches of the Premier League's financial monitoring rules dating from 2009, or the first full season Manchester City were owned by the ruling family of Abu Dhabi. Thirty more charges relate to Manchester City's lack of cooperation in the past five seasons with a Premier League investigation that opened after leaked, and likely hacked, club internal communications were published in 2018.
That leaked evidence led UEFA investigators to examine likely breaches of financial rules designed to create stability in an often-volatile European football industry. UEFA-appointed judges imposed a two-year ban from the Champions League in 2020, which the club overturned on appeal at the Court of Arbitration for Sport.
Manchester City seem more at risk from the English case, which does not involve a statute of limitations on evidence that was a problem for UEFA lawyers.
The Premier League rule book - signed off by member clubs like Manchester City - gives its disciplinary commissions sweeping powers to punish teams if charges are proven. That could range from imposing a fine to taking away a title or even ejecting Manchester City from England's top division.
Here's a closer look at the case:
WHAT ARE THE FINANCIAL RULES?
Known as Financial Fair Play, the regulations are aimed at preventing clubs from spending more than they earn. FFP was established in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis, which deepened worries in European football that clubs could go out of business if the cost of player transfers and wages kept rising.
Critics believed they would favour storied clubs with established global appeal, such as Bayern Munich, Real Madrid and Manchester United. They said FFP would be used to thwart emerging clubs who had wealthy owners ready to spend heavily and accelerate growth.
At the same time, historically underachieving Manchester City were bought in September 2008 with sovereign wealth from the United Arab Emirates. When UEFA, in 2011, began monitoring finances of clubs who qualified for European competition, City had made progress by spending big on players.
The first round of FFP judgments in 2014 saw the heaviest penalties for Manchester City and Paris Saint-Germain - each lost 20 million euros ($21.4 million) in Champions League prize money.
Both were suspected of booking inflated revenue in their accounts through sponsor deals at above market rates with companies from Abu Dhabi and Qatar.
If clubs use unrealistic deals as a way to get around Financial Fair Play, Arsene Wenger had warned in 2012 when coach at Arsenal, "it will make a mockery of the rules.
The English Premier League later adopted a version of UEFA FFP rules.
WHAT WAS THE LEAKED EVIDENCE?
In November 2018, Manchester City were the Premier League champions with three titles in the first decade of its Abu Dhabi era, and a talented squad coached by Pep Guardiola.
Yet scepticism remained about the club's commercial results.
German magazine Der Spiegel then published the Football Leaks series of articles based on the club's internal documents and communications.
They suggested Manchester City had broken FFP rules in financial relationships with "related-party" sponsors from Abu Dhabi, their use of image rights payments to players and the contract of Roberto Mancini, who was manager from 2009-13. He allegedly doubled his base salary for advising a club in Abu Dhabi.
Manchester City did not deny the documents were authentic but said they were illegally obtained by a Portuguese man, Rui Pinto. He later went on trial in Lisbon. A verdict is scheduled in April.
WHAT HAPPENED WITH THE UEFA CASE?
After the Football Leaks publication, UEFA's club investigators revisited their case and asked the judging chamber to ban Manchester City from European competitions.
In February 2020, those judges banned Manchester City for two seasons for serious breaches of rules from 2012-16, including overstating sponsor revenue and failing to cooperate with investigators.
Three CAS judges overturned the ban in July 2020, ruling that some UEFA charged were not proven and other evidence was excluded as time-barred. The court strongly condemned Manchester City for obstructing UEFA's investigation, though a 10 million ($10.7 million) fine was one-third of the original punishment.
Allowed to play in the next Champions League, Manchester City reached the final and earned 119 million euros ($128 million) in prize money.
WHAT IS THE PREMIER LEAGUE CASE?
The English case against Manchester City continued separately from the UEFA process in Switzerland.
The Premier League announced charges on Monday. A lawyer who chairs the league's judicial panel will appoint a disciplinary commission of three judges.
A hearing will be held in secret, with no timetable yet for a verdict. Any subsequent legal challenge should go to the Premier League's Appeal Board.
Manchester City said they were surprised by the charges and that they look forward to the matter being “put to rest once and for all”.
