Some former vaccine skeptics in Eastern Europe have shifted over to the other side as coronavirus infections surge, countries are making it more difficult for the unvaccinated to travel abroad and authorities battle against government distrust and vaccine disinformation.
When she rolled up her sleeve in the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo to take her first COVID-19 vaccine dose, Fata Keco was afraid of possible adverse side effects.
But she said the worst she had to contend with over the next few days was moderately discomforting pain in her left arm around the site of the injection.
More significantly, the 52-year-old self-employed cleaning woman has joined the global community of vaccine-believers after months of being very susceptible to what she now describes as the most ridiculous theories.
She told The Associated Press that some of those that she heard were that the coronavirus does not exist, that journalists were paid to spread panic, that planes were spraying us with viruses at night, that vaccines were being used by the powers that be to implant us with tracking microchips.
Now I feel relief for having done something to protect my health after putting myself in danger for a long time, Keco said.
Also, I don't mind that it will make my life easier if I decide to take a trip abroad."
She isn't alone in her transformation, especially after numerous European countries started tightening their anti-virus rules, including by requiring proof of vaccination from foreign visitors.
I want to travel and study abroad and for that I have to be vaccinated, said Esma Dzaka, 18, after getting her first dose Tuesday in Sarajevo.
This week, health authorities in Sarajevo stepped up their efforts to administer COVID-19 vaccines as widely as possible, stymied so far by public mistrust and an onslaught of disinformation. They started dispatching nurses to dispense vaccines in local council offices and shopping centers around the city in hopes that easy access will persuade more people to get their shots.
Sarajevo's top health official, Haris Vranic, said he believed that some vaccine skeptics have been having a change of heart recently, not just because they want to travel abroad freely, but also because the numbers do not lie.
The statistic is clear between 92% and 94% of our people who died in the third and the (current) fourth wave (of COVID-19) were not vaccinated, Vranic said.
Bosnia, which is still struggling to recover from a devastating ethnic war in 1992-95, has so far inoculated just under a quarter of its 3.3 million people, one of the lowest vaccination rates in Europe.
But while such a level of mistrust in vaccines, which have been widely available since late last spring, may not be surprising in the poor, corruption-plagued and ethnically divided Bosnia, similar woes have befallen many of its Balkan neighbors, including some European Union members.
In Romania, a EU nation of about 19 million, the vaccination rate hovered around 28% until mid-October, when a sharp spike in new COVID-19 infections and deaths forced some hospitals to put body bags in their hallways as morgues ran out of space.
Fear combined with stricter anti-virus measures introduced by authorities, including a nighttime curfew and requiring proof of vaccination, a recent recovery or a recent negative test to enter most public venues has sent the vaccination rate in Romania spiking to over 40% by Dec. 10, according to Our World in Data.
I was scared, there are so many (negative) rumors about vaccines, said Ofelia Gligor, who got her first COVID-19 jab on a frigid December day this week in the main vaccination center in Sighisoara, a small, historic Romanian town 300 kilometers (185 miles) north of Bucharest, the capital.