People who have greater levels of mindfulness - the tendency to maintain attention on and awareness of the present moment - are better able to cope with the pain of being rejected by others, a study has found.
Researchers, including those from the University of California Los Angeles, and the University of Kentucky in the US, were curious to discover if mindfulness could be a buffer against the distress and pain of social rejection.
"Social rejection can have a number of negative outcomes both for the rejected person's own health and well-being, as well as their interpersonal relationships," said Alexandra Martelli, a doctoral candidate at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) in the US.
"Therefore it is critical that researchers find adaptive ways at responding to social rejection, and mindfulness may be one effective emotion regulation strategy," said Martelli, lead author of the study published in the journal Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
They ran an experiment in which 40 undergraduate students self-reported their levels of mindfulness, and then were placed in an fMRI scanner.
The researchers observed live images of the participants' brain activity as they played a virtual ball-tossing game with what they believed to be two other partners.
For the last third of the game, the participants stopped receiving any ball tosses from the other players, mimicking the conditions of social rejection.
After the scanning session, the participants were interviewed about how distressed they were during the game. Participants with higher levels of mindfulness reported less distress from being excluded.
The link between mindfulness and reduced social distress also was seen in the brain imaging, as researchers found there was less activation in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which is known to assist in the "top-down" inhibitory regulation of both physical and social forms of pain.
The researchers also examined the communication between the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and other brain areas during social rejection.
They found that more mindful individuals showed less functional connectivity between the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and two brain regions that help generate the experience of social distress, the amygdala and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex.
"Our findings suggest that mindful people are not as distressed or pained by social rejection," researchers said.
"Mindfulness has beneficial effects for many psychological and behavioral maladies," said David Chester, an assistant professor at VCU.
"Yet in many ways, our understanding of how mindfulness achieves these helpful outcomes is not fully understood," said Chester.
"Our findings help shed light on the underlying biological and psychological mechanisms through which mindfulness helps people cope with distressing social experiences, such as rejection and exclusion," he said.
Specifically, the study suggests that mindful individuals are not as distressed by social rejection and that mindful individuals appear to successfully regulate such distressing emotions by not using effortful, inhibitory processes that suppress their feelings of social pain.
"This is important because the use of such 'top-down,' suppressive emotion regulation has been shown to backfire and is linked with poor emotion-related outcomes such as impulsivity," Chester said.
"Mindful people are likely using a more 'bottom-up' regulatory approach, which makes sense given these individuals' tendency to focus on the organic origins of their feelings," he said.
"On a practical level, our findings point to the utility of mindfulness in coping with interpersonal stressors. People dealing with exclusion or rejection may likely benefit from training in mindfulness techniques," he added.